Schedules of the Indian Constitution: 1st to 12th Schedule | UPSC & State PCS
Students often remember that the Constitution has 12 Schedules, but then start mixing up the Fifth and Sixth, Ninth and Tenth, or Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules.
The easiest way to avoid this confusion is not to memorise twelve isolated numbers. Each Schedule performs a particular job.
The First Schedule tells us about India's States and Union Territories. The Seventh distributes legislative subjects between the Union and States. The Eighth deals with languages. The Tenth contains the Anti-Defection Law, while the Eleventh and Twelfth connect directly with local self-government.
Once this logic becomes clear, the Schedules become one of the easier areas of Indian Polity.
The Constitution originally had eight Schedules. Four were added later:
| Added Schedule | Amendment |
|---|---|
| Ninth Schedule | 1st Constitutional Amendment, 1951 |
| Tenth Schedule | 52nd Constitutional Amendment, 1985 |
| Eleventh Schedule | 73rd Constitutional Amendment, 1992 |
| Twelfth Schedule | 74th Constitutional Amendment, 1992 |
So today we have 12 Schedules. The official Constitution lists them from the First Schedule dealing with States and Union Territories to the Twelfth Schedule dealing with Municipalities.
All 12 Schedules at a Glance
| Schedule | Main Subject |
|---|---|
| First | States and Union Territories |
| Second | Emoluments and allowances of specified constitutional authorities |
| Third | Forms of oaths and affirmations |
| Fourth | Allocation of Rajya Sabha seats |
| Fifth | Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes |
| Sixth | Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram |
| Seventh | Union, State and Concurrent Lists |
| Eighth | 22 Scheduled Languages |
| Ninth | Certain Acts and Regulations; Article 31B |
| Tenth | Anti-Defection Law |
| Eleventh | Panchayats — 29 subjects |
| Twelfth | Municipalities — 18 subjects |
The official table of contents of the Constitution gives exactly this broad structure.
First Schedule — States and Union Territories
The First Schedule tells us about the States and Union Territories that make up the Indian Union.
It is closely connected with Articles 1 to 4.
Article 1 says:
India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
The First Schedule then specifies the States and their territories, along with the Union Territories.
Why does the First Schedule matter?
India's internal political map is not permanently frozen.
Parliament can under Article 3:
form a new State, alter the area of a State, change State boundaries, or change the name of a State.
When such reorganisation takes place, consequential changes may be made to the First Schedule.
An important constitutional point is that a law made under Articles 2 and 3 for this purpose is not treated as a constitutional amendment under Article 368 merely because it alters the First or Fourth Schedule. The official constitutional text expressly says so in Article 4.
Exam takeaway
First Schedule → Political map of India
Do not confuse it with the Fourth Schedule, which deals with Rajya Sabha representation.
Second Schedule — Constitutional Offices and Their Emoluments
The Second Schedule contains provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances and privileges of several important constitutional offices.
These include, among others:
the President and Governors, presiding officers of Parliament and State Legislatures, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
The official Constitution divides the Second Schedule into different parts dealing with these offices.
Why was such a Schedule needed?
Important constitutional offices require financial security.
For example, judicial independence would be weakened if the government could arbitrarily manipulate a judge's salary simply because it disliked a judgment.
The Second Schedule therefore forms part of the broader constitutional effort to protect the independence and dignity of key institutions.
A common mistake
Do not say:
“The Second Schedule contains salaries of every constitutional authority.”
It deals with specified offices, not every office mentioned anywhere in the Constitution.
Third Schedule — Oaths and Affirmations
The Third Schedule contains the prescribed forms of oath or affirmation for several constitutional functionaries.
It covers important categories such as:
Union and State Ministers, Members of Parliament and State Legislatures, candidates for legislative elections, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
The Constitution's official Schedule index describes it simply as “Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.”
A very useful Prelims trap
Not every constitutional oath is found in the Third Schedule.
For example:
President's oath → Article 60
Vice-President's oath → Article 69
Governor's oath → Article 159
So if UPSC says that the oath of the President is prescribed in the Third Schedule, the statement is incorrect.
Fourth Schedule — Rajya Sabha Seats
The Fourth Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Council of States, or Rajya Sabha.
It is linked with Article 80.
Unlike the United States Senate, Indian States do not receive equal representation in the Rajya Sabha.
Larger States generally receive more seats than smaller States.
This reflects India's own model of federalism.
Another important connection
The First and Fourth Schedules often appear together in State reorganisation.
Article 4 allows consequential amendments to both Schedules when Parliament reorganises States under Articles 2 and 3.
Remember:
First Schedule → Which States/UTs exist
Fourth Schedule → Their representation in Rajya Sabha
Fifth Schedule — Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
The Fifth Schedule deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
It is mainly connected with Article 244(1).
The Constitution's schedule index describes it as covering administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
Its broad purpose is to provide special administrative protection in areas where tribal communities require safeguards against exploitation and inappropriate application of ordinary administrative arrangements.
Important features include the role of the Governor, the possibility of a Tribes Advisory Council, and special arrangements concerning laws applicable to Scheduled Areas.
Which States does the Fifth Schedule concern?
Article 244 draws an important distinction.
The Fifth Schedule applies to Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, because specified tribal areas in those four States fall within the Sixth Schedule framework.
That does not mean every tribal population outside those four States automatically lives in a Fifth Schedule area. An area must have the relevant constitutional status.
Fifth Schedule and the President
The power to declare an area as a Scheduled Area ultimately operates through the constitutional mechanism involving the President.
The President can also alter the extent of Scheduled Areas in accordance with the Constitution.
This makes another useful distinction:
Scheduled Area ≠ any area where Scheduled Tribes live
It is a constitutionally notified category.
Sixth Schedule — Autonomous Tribal Administration
The Sixth Schedule deals with the administration of tribal areas in:
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
The official Constitution expressly names these four States.
It is linked principally with Article 244(2) and also has a connection with Article 275(1).
The Sixth Schedule goes further than the Fifth Schedule by creating a framework for Autonomous District Councils and Regional Councils.
These councils can exercise constitutionally provided powers over specified local matters.
Depending on the constitutional arrangement, these may include subjects such as land, forests other than reserved forests, village administration, inheritance, marriage and social customs.
The exact powers differ according to the Schedule and amendments applicable to particular areas.
Fifth Schedule vs Sixth Schedule
This distinction is one of the most important in the chapter.
| Fifth Schedule | Sixth Schedule |
|---|---|
| Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes | Specified tribal areas |
| Linked with Article 244(1) | Linked with Article 244(2) |
| Applies outside Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram | Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram |
| Strong role for Governor and Tribes Advisory Council | Autonomous District/Regional Councils |
| Protective administrative framework | Greater degree of institutional autonomy |
Do not reduce the difference simply to “tribal vs non-tribal”. Both are designed to protect tribal interests, but they use different constitutional arrangements.
UPSC Prelims PYQ — 2015
UPSC asked:
The provisions in Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order to:
A. protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes
B. determine boundaries between States
C. determine powers of Panchayats
D. protect the interests of all border States
Answer: A. Protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes.
This is an excellent example of UPSC testing the purpose behind a Schedule, rather than simply asking its number.
Seventh Schedule — Union, State and Concurrent Lists
The Seventh Schedule is one of the foundations of Indian federalism.
It contains three legislative Lists:
| List | Broad Meaning |
|---|---|
| List I | Union List |
| List II | State List |
| List III | Concurrent List |
The Constitution's official Schedule index records these three Lists under the Seventh Schedule.
It should be studied primarily with Article 246.
Union List
Subjects of major national importance are generally placed here.
Examples include matters such as:
defence, foreign affairs, currency, atomic energy and railways.
Parliament has the primary legislative competence over Union List matters.
State List
The State List broadly covers areas with a strong local or State-level character.
Examples include:
police, public order, agriculture and specified aspects of public health and local government.
However, the constitutional distribution is not absolute.
Under provisions such as Articles 249, 250, 252 and 253, Parliament may legislate on State List matters in constitutionally specified situations.
Concurrent List
Both Parliament and State Legislatures can legislate on Concurrent List subjects.
Important examples include:
education, forests, marriage and divorce, criminal law, labour-related matters and economic and social planning.
Where valid Union and State laws conflict on a Concurrent List subject, Article 254 becomes important.
The 42nd Amendment and Seventh Schedule
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment transferred several subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List.
High-value examples include:
education
forests
weights and measures
protection of wild animals and birds
administration of justice and organisation of courts other than the Supreme Court and High Courts
The current constitutional text records several of these changes in the Concurrent List.
For Mains, this is useful when discussing the gradual strengthening of the Union within India's federal structure.
What about GST?
GST created an important qualification to the older Union–State division.
The 101st Constitutional Amendment inserted Article 246A, giving Parliament and State Legislatures special powers relating to GST.
Therefore, GST cannot be understood simply by looking at the traditional three Lists.
Eighth Schedule — 22 Languages
The Eighth Schedule contains India's constitutionally recognised Scheduled Languages.
At present, there are 22:
Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. The current official Constitution lists all 22.
It is connected particularly with:
Article 344(1) and Article 351.
Were There Always 22 Languages?
No.
The original Eighth Schedule contained 14 languages.
Later additions were:
| Amendment | Languages Added |
|---|---|
| 21st Amendment, 1967 | Sindhi |
| 71st Amendment, 1992 | Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali |
| 92nd Amendment, 2003 | Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali |
The official text confirms the later addition of Sindhi, the 71st Amendment additions, and the four languages added by the 92nd Amendment.
The 96th Constitutional Amendment changed the name “Oriya” to “Odia.”
Scheduled Language Does Not Mean National Language
This is a classic Prelims trap.
India's Constitution does not declare any language as the “national language.”
Article 343 says the official language of the Union is Hindi in Devanagari script, while English continues to have an important statutory role in official work.
The 22 languages of the Eighth Schedule are Scheduled Languages, not 22 “national languages.”
So remember:
Hindi → Official language of Union under Article 343
Eighth Schedule → 22 Scheduled Languages
National language → Constitution does not designate one
Ninth Schedule — Laws and Judicial Review
The Ninth Schedule is one of the most interesting constitutional Schedules because its original purpose and its present legal position are different.
It is linked with Article 31B.
The Ninth Schedule was inserted by the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951, initially with 13 laws, largely connected with land reforms. The current official Constitution records this history in the Schedule's footnotes.
Why Was the Ninth Schedule Created?
Soon after independence, States introduced land-reform measures aimed at abolishing zamindari and redistributing agrarian rights.
Several laws faced Fundamental Rights challenges.
Article 31B and the Ninth Schedule were therefore created to provide constitutional protection to listed laws against invalidation merely because they were inconsistent with specified Fundamental Rights.
Initially, this gave the Schedule very strong protection.
But an important question later arose:
Can Parliament place any law in the Ninth Schedule and make it completely immune from judicial review?
The answer today is No.
I.R. Coelho Case, 2007
In I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu, a nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court held that laws inserted into the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 can be examined under the Basic Structure Doctrine.
If a Ninth Schedule law damages the Basic Structure by destroying the essence of protected Fundamental Rights, it does not receive blanket immunity simply because Parliament placed it in the Schedule.
Why 24 April 1973?
Because that was the date of the Kesavananda Bharati judgment, which established the Basic Structure Doctrine.
So remember:
Ninth Schedule ≠ complete immunity from judicial review
This is one of the most important Prelims traps in Indian Polity.
Tenth Schedule — Anti-Defection Law
The Tenth Schedule contains provisions relating to disqualification on the ground of defection.
It was added by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 and is linked with:
Article 102(2) for Parliament, and
Article 191(2) for State Legislatures.
A legislator may face disqualification, broadly, where he or she voluntarily gives up membership of the political party or votes/abstains contrary to an authorised party direction without the required permission and the conduct is not condoned within the constitutional period.
What about Independent and Nominated Members?
The Tenth Schedule also contains separate rules for them.
An independent member elected without being set up by a political party may be disqualified if he or she joins a political party after election.
A nominated member receives a limited six-month window after taking the seat within which party membership may be chosen under the Schedule's framework.
These provisions are favourite areas for statement-based questions.
Who Decides Defection Cases?
The Speaker or Chairman of the concerned House decides Tenth Schedule disqualification questions.
However, this decision is not completely beyond judicial review.
In Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, the Supreme Court upheld the broad anti-defection framework but accepted judicial review of the Presiding Officer's decision.
The Constitution's current text itself carries a note recording the Kihoto Hollohan judgment in relation to the Tenth Schedule.
91st Amendment and Anti-Defection
The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 strengthened the anti-defection framework.
Most importantly, it removed the earlier defence based on a “split” involving one-third of party legislators.
The merger exception now revolves around the constitutionally specified two-thirds threshold.
So:
52nd Amendment → Tenth Schedule introduced
91st Amendment → Anti-defection law strengthened
Eleventh Schedule — Panchayats
The Eleventh Schedule was added by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.
It is linked with Article 243G and contains 29 subjects that may be entrusted to Panchayats. The official Constitution lists all 29.
They include areas such as:
agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, fisheries, rural housing, drinking water, roads, rural electrification, poverty alleviation, education, health and sanitation, women and child development, public distribution system and maintenance of community assets.
A Very Important Prelims and Mains Point
The presence of a subject in the Eleventh Schedule does not automatically mean every Panchayat exercises full power over it.
Article 243G permits State Legislatures to endow Panchayats with powers and responsibilities through law.
Therefore, actual devolution varies from State to State.
This is one reason why India's local governments often face the famous challenge of inadequate:
Functions, Funds and Functionaries.
For Mains, this distinction is much more valuable than merely memorising “29 subjects”.
Twelfth Schedule — Municipalities
The Twelfth Schedule was added by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.
It is linked with Article 243W and contains 18 subjects for urban local governance.
These include:
urban planning, regulation of land use, roads and bridges, water supply, public health and sanitation, solid-waste management, fire services, urban forestry, slum improvement, urban poverty alleviation, public amenities and regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries.
Just as with Panchayats, inclusion in the Twelfth Schedule does not by itself produce complete functional devolution.
State legislation remains central to the actual transfer of powers.
Eleventh vs Twelfth Schedule
This pair should never be confused.
| Eleventh Schedule | Twelfth Schedule |
|---|---|
| Panchayats | Municipalities |
| 73rd Amendment | 74th Amendment |
| Article 243G | Article 243W |
| 29 subjects | 18 subjects |
| Rural local government | Urban local government |
Easy memory:
11 → Village
12 → City
Article–Schedule Connections You Should Remember
| Article | Schedule | Connection |
|---|---|---|
| Articles 1 & 4 | First | States and Union Territories |
| Article 80 | Fourth | Rajya Sabha seats |
| Article 244(1) | Fifth | Scheduled Areas |
| Article 244(2) | Sixth | Tribal Areas in four NE States |
| Article 246 | Seventh | Legislative Lists |
| Articles 344 & 351 | Eighth | Languages |
| Article 31B | Ninth | Protected Acts/Regulations |
| Articles 102(2), 191(2) | Tenth | Defection |
| Article 243G | Eleventh | Panchayats |
| Article 243W | Twelfth | Municipalities |
This table is more useful for Prelims than learning Schedule names alone.
Most Important Amendment–Schedule Connections
First Amendment
Ninth Schedule
52nd Amendment
Tenth Schedule
73rd Amendment
Eleventh Schedule
74th Amendment
Twelfth Schedule
The fastest memory sequence is:
1 → 9
52 → 10
73 → 11
74 → 12
Common Prelims Traps
Trap 1: The Constitution originally contained 12 Schedules.
Wrong.
It originally contained eight.
Trap 2: Fourth Schedule deals with allocation of Lok Sabha seats.
Wrong.
It deals with Rajya Sabha seats.
Trap 3: The oath of the President is in the Third Schedule.
Wrong.
It is prescribed by Article 60.
Trap 4: Fifth and Sixth Schedules are simply two names for the same tribal arrangement.
Wrong.
They create different constitutional mechanisms.
Trap 5: Sixth Schedule applies to all North-Eastern States.
Wrong.
The Constitution specifically mentions Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Trap 6: Every Eighth Schedule language is a national language.
Wrong.
The Constitution does not designate a national language.
Trap 7: Hindi is included in the Eighth Schedule.
Correct.
Do not confuse its inclusion in the Eighth Schedule with its status as the Union's official language under Article 343.
Trap 8: Ninth Schedule laws are completely immune from judicial review.
Wrong.
I.R. Coelho makes this particularly clear for post-24 April 1973 insertions.
Trap 9: Anti-Defection Law is in the Ninth Schedule.
Wrong.
It is in the Tenth Schedule.
Trap 10: Eleventh Schedule has 18 subjects.
Wrong.
Eleventh → 29
Twelfth → 18.
Trap 11: Subjects listed in the Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules automatically stand transferred to local governments.
Wrong.
Actual devolution depends substantially on State legislation under Articles 243G and 243W.
Five Practice MCQs
Q1. Consider the following pairs:
- Fourth Schedule — Allocation of Rajya Sabha seats
- Fifth Schedule — Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
- Eighth Schedule — Official languages of States
- Tenth Schedule — Anti-Defection Law
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 4 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 4 only
The Eighth Schedule contains Scheduled Languages. It should not be simplistically described as a list of “official languages of States”.
Q2. Which of the following States are covered by the Sixth Schedule?
- Assam
- Meghalaya
- Tripura
- Mizoram
- Nagaland
Select the correct answer:
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
C. 2, 4 and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer: B. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
The Sixth Schedule specifically deals with tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Q3. With reference to the Ninth Schedule, consider the following statements:
- It was added by the First Constitutional Amendment.
- It is linked with Article 31B.
- Every law placed in it is completely immune from judicial review.
Which statements are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B. 1 and 2 only
Statement 3 is incorrect because Ninth Schedule protection is subject to Basic Structure review under the principles laid down in I.R. Coelho.
Q4. Consider the following:
- Eleventh Schedule — Article 243G
- Twelfth Schedule — Article 243W
- Eleventh Schedule — 29 subjects
- Twelfth Schedule — 18 subjects
Which of the above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 and 4 only
C. 1, 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Q5. Which of the following Constitutional Amendments is correctly matched with the Schedule it added?
A. 42nd Amendment — Ninth Schedule
B. 44th Amendment — Tenth Schedule
C. 73rd Amendment — Eleventh Schedule
D. 86th Amendment — Twelfth Schedule
Answer: C. 73rd Amendment — Eleventh Schedule
The Ninth Schedule came through the First Amendment, the Tenth through the 52nd, the Eleventh through the 73rd and the Twelfth through the 74th Amendment.
Mains Perspective: Schedules Are More Than Appendices
At first glance, Schedules may look like supporting tables attached to the main Constitution.
In reality, some of them lie at the heart of major constitutional questions.
The Fifth and Sixth Schedules raise questions of tribal autonomy, development and protection of indigenous communities.
The Seventh Schedule defines the legislative architecture of Indian federalism.
The Ninth Schedule reflects the tension between socio-economic reform and Fundamental Rights.
The Tenth Schedule raises difficult questions about political stability, party discipline and freedom of legislators.
The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules concern India's unfinished project of democratic decentralisation.
So in Mains, Schedules should not be treated as factual appendices. They are connected with some of the largest debates in Indian governance.
Mains Practice Question
“The constitutional Schedules play a crucial role in balancing federalism, social justice and democratic decentralisation in India.” Discuss.
A good answer can use the Seventh Schedule to explain federal distribution of powers, the Fifth and Sixth Schedules for tribal protection and autonomy, the Ninth Schedule for social reform and judicial review, and the Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules for decentralisation.
The answer should also mention limitations.
For example, listing functions in the Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules has not automatically created strong local governments because meaningful decentralisation requires adequate functions, finances and administrative capacity.
Conclude by showing that the Schedules convert broad constitutional principles into workable institutional arrangements.
Topper-Level Linkages
A stronger answer does not write:
“Seventh Schedule contains three Lists.”
It explains:
The Seventh Schedule, read with Article 246, is the constitutional backbone of legislative federalism, while Articles 249, 250, 252 and 253 create constitutionally defined situations in which Parliament's reach may extend into State List subjects.
Similarly, instead of writing:
“Eleventh Schedule has 29 subjects.”
A stronger Mains answer says:
The Eleventh Schedule identifies 29 potential fields of Panchayat responsibility, but Article 243G leaves actual devolution substantially to State legislation, producing uneven decentralisation across India.
That small shift from fact to analysis is what improves a Mains answer.
60-Second Revision
| Schedule | Remember This |
|---|---|
| 1st | States + UTs |
| 2nd | Constitutional offices — emoluments/allowances |
| 3rd | Oaths |
| 4th | Rajya Sabha seats |
| 5th | Scheduled Areas |
| 6th | Tribal autonomy — Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram |
| 7th | Union + State + Concurrent Lists |
| 8th | 22 languages |
| 9th | Article 31B + judicial review |
| 10th | Anti-Defection |
| 11th | Panchayats — 29 |
| 12th | Municipalities — 18 |
Four Schedules Added Later
Remember this simple sequence:
9th → 1st Amendment
10th → 52nd Amendment
11th → 73rd Amendment
12th → 74th Amendment
This single sequence can solve several direct Prelims questions.
Four Pairs You Should Never Mix Up
First vs Fourth
Territory vs Rajya Sabha representation
Fifth vs Sixth
Scheduled Areas vs autonomous tribal administration in four specified States
Ninth vs Tenth
Protected laws vs defection
Eleventh vs Twelfth
Panchayats vs Municipalities
Final Takeaway
The 12 Schedules make many complicated parts of the Constitution easier to organise.
The First tells us the territorial structure of India.
The Fifth and Sixth provide special arrangements for tribal communities.
The Seventh distributes legislative power.
The Eighth reflects India's linguistic diversity.
The Ninth shows the historical struggle between land reform, Fundamental Rights and judicial review.
The Tenth addresses political defection.
The Eleventh and Twelfth seek to take democracy closer to villages and cities.
For UPSC and State PCS, therefore, do not prepare the Schedules as twelve one-line facts.
Understand the constitutional problem that each Schedule is trying to solve.
Once you do that, the numbers become much easier to remember—and statement-based questions become much easier to eliminate.
Sources and Standard References
Read the official Constitution of India
Official McGraw Hill page — Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Read the Supreme Court judgment — I.R. Coelho
UPSC official previous question papers
